The hydrothermal treatment technology is capable of converting unutilized bio-resources such as food residue, sewage sludge, animal manure, agricultural residue, high moisture content solid wastes and MSW into organic fertilizer or dried uniform pulverized coal-like solid fuel using low energy consumption. The process begins by loading MSW and injecting saturated steam (about 200°C and 2MPa) into the reactor. In order to mix and obtain the homogeneous waste reactions with steam, there are blades rotated by the rotor unit in the reactor. When the temperature and pressure inside the reactor reaches certain values, the process condition is maintained and held for specific period, which is called as the holding time. Afterward, wet uniform material can be produced, and it will be dried to produce dry products.

Indonesia Energy and Environment Book in collaborate with Prof. Rinaldy Dalimi, PhD (expertise in Power Energy, ex-Dean Engineering Faculty University of Indonesia). While energy has long been an important topic, concerns about human’s environmental footprint, such as that due to carbon dioxide, and concerns about security and rapid global development, have recently brought this field to the forefront. These include technological innovations for fossil fuel systems – with primary emphasis on carbon dioxide mitigation, and control of fine particle and other pollutant emissions. Our vision for the Energy and Environment area is to hire strategically in high impact areas that compliment existing strengths, with the goal to address nationally recognized basic research needs that will spark the innovations necessary to close the enormous gap that exists between state-of-the-art technology and the staggering requirements for a future of renewable energy.

Two scenarios up to the year 2050 are outlined in this report. The Reference Scenario is based on the reference scenario published by the International Energy Agency in World Energy Outlook 2006, extrapolated forward from 2030 have been calculated using the MESAP/PlaNet simulation model. The Energy Revolution Scenario has a target for the reduction of worldwide per capita carbon dioxide emissions to less than 1.3 tonnes per year by 2050. This is a prerequisite for stabilising global CO₂ concentrations at a level below 450 ppm under a global emissions trading scheme. A second objective is the global phasing out of nuclear energy. To achieve these targets, the scenario is characterised by significant efforts to fully exploit the large potential for energy efficiency. At the same time, all cost-effective renewable energy sources are accessed for heat and electricity generation as well as the production of biofuels.